ASTERACEAE  

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes almost stemless, or subshrubs, +/- canotomentose or glandular. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, entire to lobed-pinnatisect. Capitula radiate, solitary, pedunculate, many-flowered. Involucre campanulate; bracts in 5 or 6 rows, ovate to linear, acuminate or with foliaceous apex and often with membranous margin, sometimes ciliate. Receptacle flat, honeycombed, margins of pits extended into linear processes. Rayflorets female; corolla white, cream, yellow, orange, pink, purple, violet or bluish; tube compressed, oblong-linear, with linear, 3-toothed lamina up to 6 x longer than tube. Staminodes often present. Style linear or terete, often swollen globose at base, thickened above, with +/- elliptic-lanceolate branches. Discflorets bisexual, fertile or female-sterile; corolla yellow or dark coloured; tube abruptly widened above, with 5 lanceolate, usually glandular lobes. Anthers calcarate, shortly caudate, with ovate apical appendage; endothecial tissue radial. Style terete, with ring at base and thickened above, shortly bifid. Cypselas obovoid-conical, ventrally smooth or rugose and without ribs, dorsally with 3-5 strong ribs or wings sometimes forming 2 dorsal furrows or concavities at maturity, sericeous or pilose or glabrous, often with basal tuft of long hairs. Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of large or small scales as long as corolla tube, sometimes 0. x = 9.

Perennial shrublets with young branches cobwebby. Leaves in fascicles, alternate or decussate, linear, sessile, involute, adaxially tomentose, apically mucronate, margins entire. Capitula radiate, solitary, terminal, many-flowered. Involucralbracts imbricate, linear-oblong, scarious. Receptacle flat, epaleate. Ray florets female, fewer than disc florets, yellow with purple bands dorsally, cypsela and pappus as in disc florets. Disc florets bisexual, corolla tube cylindrical, 5-toothed, yellow, lobes erect. Anthers ecalcarate, with short tails. Style bifid, branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs apically, stigmatic surface separated. Cypselas rod-like, with 10 vascular bundles, glabrous or with a few scattered twin hairs. Pappus of rigid, subscabrid bristles in 1 row, sometimes connate at base.

Annual or perennial herbs, often with unpleasant smell, hairy or glabrous. Leaves alternate, incise-dentate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Capitula radiate, medium to large, usually solitary and pedunculate, terminal, rarely laxly corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, bracts in several rows, outer shorter than inner, margins scarious. Receptacle flat to convex, finally conical or oblong, paleate, paleae scarious and oblong or subulate, truncate to acute to acuminate. Rayflorets female, fertile or neuter; corolla white or rarely yellow, strap-shaped. Discflorets bisexual, yellow; tube +/- compressed, sometimes 2-winged, sometimes investing top of ovary, usually dilated above, 5-toothed. Anthers ecalcarate and ecaudate, with ovate apical appendage. Style branches linear, truncate, penicillate. Cypselas oblong, turbinate, 4- or 5-angled, 8-10-ribbed or multistriate. Pappus 0, or sometimes of minute scales or minutely coroniform. x = 9 (7, 8) (aneuploids, polyploidy).

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, hairy and glandular. Leaves alternate, petiolate, usually toothed, simple, lobed or pinnatipartite, rarely linear. Capitula radiate or discoid, several-flowered, in lax or dense, terminal corymbs. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical; bracts in 3-5 rows, lanceolate or oblong, variously hairy and glandular outside. Receptacle flat, paleate; paleae ciliate, +/- enfolding disc florets. Rayflorets female; in 1 row; corolla yellow, tube oblong or elliptic, 3- or 4-toothed, lamina +/- as long as tube; ovary ellipsoid or linear-oblong, somewhat ribbed. Disc florets bisexual; corolla dull yellow, tube constricted in lower half or rarely widening gradually upwards, lower part of tube usually glandular, upper part usually glabrous; lobes 5, ovate. Anthers tailed, apical appendage lanceolate. Style terete; branches flat, linear, obtuse, papillose outside toward blunt apices. Cypselas ellipsoid or subcylindric, often ribbed, usually hairy. Pappus of linear, lanceolate or broad scales with longer, narrower scales interspersed; or scales equal; or 0 or cypsela crowned by shallow rim. x = 7 (polyploidy).

Erect or diffuse shrublets without stolons, with greyish whitish tomentum. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, entire, tomentose, eglandular, with revolute margins. Capitula disciform, small, in terminal dense corymbs. Involucralbracts dimorphic, +/- tomentose, with undivided stereome; outer involucral bracts narrowly linear to oblong or spathulate with membranous brown distal portion; inner involucral bracts unguiculate with linear-oblong, +/- tomentose claw and white opaque, glabrous, petaloid apical portion. Receptacle epaleate. Femaleflorets (0)1 or 2; corolla white or yellowish, shortly lobed. Style bifurcate. Cypsela ellipsoid-oblong, glabrous or shortly hirsute with papilliform nonmyxogenic twin hairs, rarely also sparsely setose with longer narrower hairs. Ovarywall crystals prismatic (rectangular, hexa- or octagonal), homomorphic or heteromorphic. Pappus bristles uniseriate, basally shortly connate or nearly discrete, without patent cilia, barbellate throughout with usually short acute to obtuse teeth. Functionally maleflorets few (3-6); corolla white or yellow, tubular below, with campanulate 5-lobed limb; lobes erect to spreading, with marginal veins reaching lobe apex. Anthers with basal tails and apical flat +/- ovate-triangular appendage; endothecium polarised; filament collar elongate, straight. Style sterile, simple with subclavate or truncate tip, sometimes minutely bifid, with obtuse, short sweeping hairs; stylophore distinct, broader than style. Ovary aborted, glabrous, 2-veined. Pappus bristles uniseriate, basally shortly connate or almost discrete, without patent cilia, barbellate throughout with acute to obtuse or subclavate teeth.