ASTERACEAE  

Shrublets or subshrubs, aromatic. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect, lobed, dentate or rarely entire. Capitula disciform, several-flowered, small, corymbose, occasionally solitary. Receptacle convex or conical, epaleate. Involucre campanulate; bracts in 3 or 4 rows, often glandular, sometimes ciliate and pilose on back. Marginalflorets female, fertile, corolla tube short or conical, minutely 2-4-lobed; without lamina. Discflorets functionally male; corolla tube cylindric or funnel-shaped below and campanulate above, sometimes narrowly winged, glandular, with 5 ovate lobes; sometimes irregular. Anthers linear-oblong, ecalcarate and ecaudate; with oblong or linear-oblong, apical appendage. Style linear or terete, sometimes swollen at base, undivided, disciform and glandular at base. Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened, generally laterally winged. Pappus 0.

Shrubs or shrublets, rigid, coarse, woolly or flocculent. Leaves alternate, dense, pinnatifid, cobwebby beneath, becoming glabrous and glossy above, lobes pungent, with revolute margins. Capitula radiate, in terminal racemose clusters. Involucre with bracts basally somewhat connate, in 3 rows, with basal ones spine-toothed, middle ones longest, entire, lanceolate-acuminate. Receptacle conspicuously honeycombed; outer cavities thick-walled, inner walls membranous. Ray florets sterile, usually with rudimentary stamens; corolla yellow, lamina 3- or 4-dentate, minutely glandular-pubescent. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corolla yellow, minutely glandular-pubescent. Cypselas obconical, thinly and very shortly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Pappus of scales +/- in 2 rows, lanceolate, plumose-fimbriate, outer ones the shorter.

Shrublets; young branches cobwebby. Leaves alternate, linear to linear-oblong, margins entire or remotely dentate, usually revolute, mucronate, usually tomentose on lower surface. Capitula radiate, relatively large, solitary, terminal, on long or short, glandular peduncles. Involucre broadly campanulate; bracts in 1-3 rows; outermost sometimes herbaceous, papillose; inner oblong to linear, ciliate towards apex, with membranous margins. Receptacle epaleate, honeycombed (areolate). Rayflorets female, fertile; corolla yellow; tube shorter than minutely 3-toothed, oblong-linear lamina, generally with staminodes, with filiform lobe ventrally in sinus of tube. Discflorets bisexual, fertile; corolla yellow; tube widening above, with 5 linear lobes. Anthers calcarate and caudate; with oblong, apical appendage; endothecial tissue polarised. Style slender with rather short style branches, apical portion not or only slightly thickened and with short hairs mainly at border to shaft. Cypselas oblong-obovoid, densely sericeous. Pappus of stout, subulate, bristle-like marginally barbellate scales in 2 rows. x = 10.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrublets, generally erect, sometimes prostrate, usually woolly or cobwebby, often glandular, rarely glabrous. Leaves alternate, straight, variously shaped, sessile or petiolate, often hairy, pilose to velutinous, margins entire, flat or sometimes revolute. Capitula disciform or discoid; cylindric, turbinate, campanulate, subglobose or depressed-globose, in terminal, loose, flat-topped corymbs or solitary. Involucralbracts in few to many rows; stereome usually fenestrated (divided); white, yellow, straw-coloured, brown, pink, purple, or red, sometimes a combination of colours; glabrous or hairy. Receptacle smooth, honeycombed or fimbrilliferous, flat, epaleate, rarely paleate. Marginalflorets female, fewer or sometimes more than central florets; corolla often narrowly tubular, sometimes with well-developed lamina, rarely filiform, yellow. Centralflorets bisexual; corolla funnel-shaped or tubular and then +/- campanulate above, lobes 5, hairs always present on backs of lobes, yellow. Anthers ecalcarate, caudate; with lanceolate apical appendages; endothecial tissue polarised. Style branches truncate, penicillate; stigmatic areas separated. Cypselas sparsely hairy with short, clavate, myxogenic hairs or with long nonmyxogenic hairs or glabrous; epidermis smooth or often papillose. Pappus of barbellate or subplumose bristles, generally in 1 row; bristles basally with or without patent cilia, apical cells clavate or not. x = 7 (4, 5, 6, 8, 13) (aneuploids, high polyploidy).

Perennial or coarse annual herbs. Leaves with lower ones opposite, upper ones alternate, ovate to triangular, entire or toothed. Capitula radiate, or rarely discoid, usually medium to large, solitary, long-pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical; bracts in 2 to many rows, often herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, paleate; paleae enfolding disc florets. Ray florets neuter; corolla yellow, occasionally reddish, strap-shaped, conspicuous. Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corolla yellow or sometimes partly or wholly purple, narrowly tubular below, expanded above, 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at base; with apical appendage. Style with branches narrowly oblong, tips acutely deltoid with long or short sweeping hairs on outer face. Cypselas obovate, +/- compressed, often apically emarginate. Pappus of 2 deciduous awn-like scales. x = 17 (5, 7, 8, 9) (aneuploids, polyploidy).