ASTERACEAE  

Succulent perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate-lacerate, succulent or reduced and stem then succulent. Capitula discoid, few or many, solitary or corymbose. Involucre mostly calyculate; bracts in 1 row. Receptacle flat, epaleate. Discflorets bisexual, yellow, orange or red, tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers ecalcarate and ecaudate; endothecial tissue radial. Style branches with conical to somewhat elongated, terminal appendages. Cypselas oblong, ribbed. Pappus of many fine bristles. x = 10 (9-1 report) (aneuploids).

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, generally sessile, margins dentate or denticulate, hairy and glandular. Capitula radiate, disciform or discoid, few together, pedunculate. Involucre campanulate; bracts in several rows, lanceolate, outer ones glandular. Receptacle honeycombed, epaleate. Rayflorets female, usually fertile; corolla yellow, strap-shaped, tube cylindric, sometimes +/- as long as 3-toothed lamina, sometimes miniradiate or tubular. Discflorets bisexual, fertile; corolla yellow; tube slightly widening upwards; lobes 5, ovate. Anthers ecalcarate, caudate, with branched tails; with lanceolate, apical appendage; endothecial tissue radial. Style with acute sweeping hairs not reaching furcation. Cypselas ellipsoid or +/- cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus of barbellate bristles in 1 row (rarely several rows). x = 8 (5, 6, 9) (aneuploids, high polyploidy, B-chromosomes).

Annual herbs with ericoid habit. Leaves alternate, sessile, often adaxially concave, tomentose on adaxial surface only (hair type B), eglandular; margin involute, entire. Capitula disciform, few together along axis. Involucralbracts papery, brownish, transparent, glabrous; stereome divided. Receptacle flat, epaleate. Marginalflorets female, purple, filiform, pistillate, more than disc florets. Discflorets bisexual or rarely functionally male; corolla yellow, tube cylindric, lobes erect. Anthers ecalcarate, shortly tailed at base; apical appendage flat, as wide as thecae; endothecial tissue radial. Style bifid; style branches truncate with obtuse sweeping hairs apically; stigmatic surfaces separated. Cypselas small, oblong, with globose, myxogenic twin hairs; epidermis smooth. Pappus: 1 row of free, apically plumose, capillary bristles, basally with patent cilia. x = 7.

Perennial herbs, pilose. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate or sessile, blade elliptic to broadly elliptic or oblanceolate, entire to undulate margin, glabrous or pubescent. Capitula discoid, with many florets, solitary at ends of branches; peduncles long, usually thickened towards apex. Involucre broadly turbinate-campanulate; bracts in 3-5 rows; outer row +/- broadly ovate, +/- striate; inner row longer and narrower. Receptacle convex, epaleate. Florets bisexual. Corolla orange or reddish orange; tube widening gradually from base, deeply 5-lobed at apex. Anthers with base obtuse; appendage narrowly ovate, exserted. Style glabrous; branches obtuse or truncate, papillate outside. Cypselas narrowly obpyramidal to narrowly turbinate, longitudinally ribbed, sometimes 4- or 5-angled, glabrous, hirsute or strigose. Pappus of many setae, in 1 row, terete, uncinate or sometimes with few straight setae, usually with narrow membranous, +/- fimbriate lateral wings in lower third.

Compact, dense, much or sparingly branched shrublet with axillary brachyblasts. Leaves in fascicles, involute ericoid with a skin-like indumentum beneath, occasionally with a few longer hairs, older leaves glabrous, acute to subacute, mucronate. Capitula discoid, solitary, 50-140-flowered. Involucral bracts in 8-11 rows, white; stereome undivided. Receptacle broadly conical, epaleate. Florets perfect. Corolla narrowly cylindrical, slightly widened above, glabrous. Cypselas with wholly papillose, large narrowly oblong epicarp cells; endocarp of the persistent, enlarged, in transverse section equally long testa epidermis cells with brown inversely U-shaped wall thickenings and narrowly oblong from above. Pappus bristles barbellate, shaft apically widened with free clavate cells with very thick light-refractive walls.