SCROPHULARIACEAE  

Dwarf shrubs or shrubs, glabrous, villous or sometimes viscid-pubescent; branches decumbent to ascending. Leaves usually opposite or somewhat verticillate in basal parts, sometimes alternate above, closely set, sessile or with narrowed base, margins revolute and variously closely dentate or serrate, bases +/- decurrent into ridges on young stems. Flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves, pedicellate or subsessile, sometimes bracteolate; axis may continue to grow after flowering. Calyx deeply and +/- regularly 5-lobed; lobes linear to subulate with stalked glands or glabrous. Corolla 5-lobed and +/- regular; tube cylindrical, often a little dilated at throat, villous inside in upper half; lobes much shorter than tube, subequal, imbricate, posterior lobes exterior in bud. Stamens 4, subequal, included; filaments short, filiform, arising +/- in middle of corolla tube; anthers bithecate, narrowly oblong; thecae parallel. Nectary 0. Ovary bilocular, with usually 4 pendulous ovules in each locule; style short, well included; stigma somewhat thickened, oblique. Fruit a small, globose, succulent drupe. Seeds hard, somewhat rugose.

Annual herbs; stems simple or branched, erect or ascending, glabrous or glandular-pilose. Leaves usually opposite below, becoming alternate above, linear, elliptic or lanceolate, entire, shortly petiolate to sessile, pinnately veined. Flowers in terminal, leafy or bracteate racemes, or solitary-axillary, pedicellate. Calyx deeply and very unequally 5-lobed, with posterior lobe longest, valvate, equal to or longer than corolla tube. Corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical or somewhat urceolate, with broad pouch on anterior side at base, wide-mouthed, villous within; lips subequal and erecto-patent, posterior one 2-lobed, exterior in bud; anterior one somewhat longer than posterior, with prominent basal palate occluding mouth of tube, 3-lobed; lobes entire. Stamens 4, didynamous, with adjacent pairs of anthers marginally coherent, included; staminode minute. Ovary bilocular, ovoid, gibbous; locules unequal; ovules many; style simple, filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit an ovoid to oblong, leathery, glandular-pubescent capsule; septum erect, sinuate; posterior locule dehiscing by single apical pore with irregular teeth, anterior one by 2 such pores. Seeds somewhat flattened, dorsal face convex, +/- smooth, usually keeled, margin produced into a narrow wing; ventral face flat, finely tuberculate, with a wide, papillate border or rarely wing parallel to margin. x = 7, 8 (6, 15) (polyploidy).

Small, perennial, much-branched, heath-like shrublets, without brachyblasts (dwarf shoots); hairs on main parts (not inside corolla tube) sculptured. Leaves alternate (+/- spiralled), linear to suborbicular, sessile, dense, sometimes fascicled. Flowers small, sessile, bracteate, in many-flowered, ovate to +/- elongated, lax or compact spikes. Bracts adnate to at least part of calyx tube, sometimes large and spreading, ovate or oblong to suborbicular, glabrous. Calyx tubular, +/- equally 5-dentate; tube campanulate or cylindrical, 5-ribbed (vascular strands), subglabrous; lobes much shorter than tube, anterior teeth sometimes more deeply incised than other 3. Corolla tubular, sub-bilabiate, 5-lobed, leathery, glabrous; tube +/- cylindrical or slightly enlarged at throat and/or curved; longer than lobes; limb spreading; upper lip 2-lobed with lobes partly fused, orange patch sometimes present, glabrous, exterior in bud; lower lip 3-lobed; lobes subequal, oblong or linear-oblong. Stamens 4 or 2, if 4 then didynamous with upper pair arising in corolla mouth, +/- exserted, and lower pair in corolla tube, included, if 2 then arising above middle of tube, fused almost to full length of corolla tube with free portion of filaments shorter than anthers, usually included or just emerging at throat; filaments linear; anthers short, synthecate, dorsifixed; staminodes 0. Nectary small, at base of ovary on posterior side. Ovary cylindrical, unilocular by abortion, sometimes apparently unequally bilocular with posterior locule smaller and ovule abortive; ovule 1; style filiform, entire; stigma lingulate with marginal stigmatic papillae, sometimes exserted. Fruit a single, semi-ovoid, oblong or narrowly oblong, 1-seeded, indehiscent coccus enclosed within persistent bract and calyx, sometimes with second, smaller, membranous, empty coccus adherent to the first. Seeds probably fusiform.

Small annual or perennial herbs; stems leafy, pubescence usually patent, rarely +/- retrorse, hairs gland-tipped or not. Leaves opposite, occasionally alternate below inflorescence, rarely radical, usually elliptical to ovate, stem leaves usually narrower than basal ones and sometimes linear to narrowly oblanceolate, mostly petiolate, at times merely narrowed at base, usually few-toothed to serrate in upper half, sometimes entire, usually somewhat pubescent. Flowers usually shortly pedicellate, axillary, in racemose inflorescences, elongate or capitate, always erect. Bracts sometimes leaf-like, longer than broad, adnate to pedicel only, or sometimes to extreme base of calyx as well. Calyx bilabiate, membranous; tube shorter than anterior lip which is deeply to shallowly divided. Corolla bilabiate, membranous, persistent; tube glabrous outside but backs of lobes sometimes glandular-puberulous; posterior lip 2-lobed, exterior in bud, base of lip with orange/yellow patch or two posterior lobes wholly orange and there either glabrous or bearded with clavate hairs; anterior lip 3-lobed; lobes entire. Stamens 4, all exserted or 2 in throat and 2 exserted; anterior pair exceeding posterior pair; posterior filaments decurrent to base of corolla tube; anthers synthecate, dorsifixed; staminodes 0. Nectary small, on shorter side of ovary. Ovary bilocular, elliptical, base slightly oblique, glandular-puberulous or glabrous on upper part; ovules many per locule; style filiform, passing gradually into flattened, lingulate stigma with two marginal bands of stigmatic papillae, exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule with a short loculicidal split at tip of each valve. Seeds elliptic-oblong, black, on a round, centrally depressed cushion with irregular margins; testa tightly investing endosperm, coarsely and deeply reticulate (3-8 round pits in each longitudinal band).

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubs; stems leafy throughout or mostly at base, usually pubescent, often with both glandular and eglandular hairs, the latter often with a much inflated apical cell. Leaves usually opposite, bases connate, sometimes alternate, all radical or radical and cauline, entire to variously toothed or lobed. Flowers in a raceme or thyrse, sometimes panicled. Bracts adnate to base of pedicel, often small, sometimes leaf-like. Calyx bilabiate; anterior lip 2-lobed, posterior lip 3-lobed; lobes short to long, various in shape, usually pubescent at least on margins. Corolla bilabiate or nearly regular, 5-lobed; tube usually narrowly cylindrical, abruptly expanding in upper part, rarely funnel-shaped; mouth usually round, sometimes oblique, rarely laterally compressed; limb: posterior lip 2-lobed, exterior in bud, anterior lip 3-lobed; lobes rotate or reflexed, obtuse to subulate, usually entire, sometimes retuse or once or twice bifid, margins often revolute, variously pubescent outside, rarely glabrous, inside usually with 1-5 longitudinal, or 1 transverse, bands of unicellular clavate hairs in throat, these hairs sometimes also around mouth or on upper surface of lobes. Stamens usually 4, 2, or 2 + 1 or 2 staminodes, didynamous; posterior pair arising in upper half of corolla tube, always included, with filaments not decurrent down tube, often bearded with unicellular clavate hairs, anthers vertical, often cohering; anterior pair arising just below mouth, exceeding posterior pair, anthers usually smaller, +/- oblique, included or just visible in mouth; anthers synthecate, dorsifixed. Nectary basal on shorter side of ovary. Ovary bilocular, elliptical or cuneate, base slightly oblique, glabrous (except for glistening glands sometimes on sutures); ovules many per locule; stigma lingulate with 2 marginal bands of stigmatic papillae, exserted or included. Fruit a septicidal capsule, usually glabrous, rarely minutely glandular-puberulous; valves with a short loculicidal split at tip. Seeds +/- pyriform to elliptical; testa thin, white to violet-blue, tightly investing bothrospermous endosperm, having several longitudinal rows of transversely elongated pits in chequer-board pattern. x = 8 (9 - 1 report).